Long before I became an Accredited Financial Counselor®, I got my first 401(k) and had no idea what it was or how it worked. I picked the default options during onboarding and moved on. Years later, when I finally looked, I was embarrassed: thousands of dollars of my own money, and I couldn’t tell you what it was doing. Plenty of people are in exactly that spot. A 2024 survey by Beyond Finance found 43% of Americans don’t know what a 401(k) really is.
The reframe that changed how I treat mine: a 401(k) is an investing account, and used well, it is the most underrated passive income stream you will ever have.
The basics, quickly
You contribute, your employer may match part of it, and that money gets invested, usually in a mix of stocks and bonds. Contribution limits go up most years, so check the IRS site for current numbers.
If your employer offers a match, contribute at least enough to get all of it, even if you have debt. Your match is part of your compensation. Turning it down is accepting a lower salary.
Two mistakes I see constantly: never bumping up your contribution as your income grows (even 1% more can mean thousands down the road), and not knowing you have a choice between Traditional (tax break now, taxed later) and Roth (taxed now, tax-free withdrawals later). Neither is universally better. The mistake is not knowing the option exists.
Know your vesting schedule, too. Your own contributions are always 100% yours. Your employer’s match might not be, and leaving a job too soon can forfeit money you thought was already yours.
Fees matter more than you think
Without looking, do you know what your money is invested in? Most people check out here. Your 401(k) usually gives you two routes: a target date fund that manages your stock and bond mix automatically, or your own low-cost index fund portfolio. Both can work. Every fund carries a fee called an expense ratio, and a fraction of a percent compounds into real money.
The Department of Labor ran the numbers on a $25,000 balance, 35 years to retirement, and a 7% average annual return:
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Paying 0.5% in fees → about $227,000 at retirement
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Paying 1.5% in fees → about $163,000
One percentage point costs $64,000, or 28% of the final balance. You are almost certainly paying fees right now, and you can find out exactly what they are.
The risk most people miss
Most people worry about downturns and invest more conservatively than they should. For most of your career, with decades until retirement, investing more aggressively (more stocks, fewer bonds) can get you to a more comfortable retirement, because you have time to weather the drops.
That changes within 5 to 10 years of retirement, when it is worth managing “sequence of returns risk.” It sounds more intimidating than it is: the same average return lands differently depending on when the good and bad years happen. A 20% drop at 35 barely matters, since your money has decades to recover. That same drop the year you retire is a different story, because you are withdrawing while your account is down and locking in losses.
Two people can have identical average returns and end up in very different places. Managing this risk means being invested in a way that protects you in a downturn.
What to do right now, no matter your age
Log into your 401(k) today:
- Check your match. Are you contributing enough to get all of it? Could you contribute beyond it?
- Look at what you are actually invested in. How much is in stocks? How much is in bonds?
- Check your expense ratio. One percentage point can cost you tens of thousands over a career.
A 401(k) is one of the simplest tools you have to build real wealth and freedom. Treat it like one.
— Tess Waresmith (Accredited Financial Counselor®)
P.S. I still remember how silly I felt the day I finally understood my own 401(k) after years of confusion. If that’s you right now, you’re in good company. Come hang out here.